Capacity: How Much Is Enough?

In one of my Armed and Pregnant blogs I wrote the following:

"a good combat handgun has a full grip; decent, easy to acquire sights; a capacity greater than seven; a good sight radius (distance between the sights) for longer range accuracy and can easily be controlled for fast follow up shooting."

 Upon reading that my husband, JD, asked me why I chose "greater than seven" to be my capacity choice for a combat firearm. Others, too, have asked why I think seven is a minimum capacity for a combat firearm.

Mind you, what you are about to read is strictly Lima theory. I have not read this in any blog or been taught it in any class. These are my opinions from my own training, time spent on the range, firefight stories I have read, etc.

First, let me clarify what I think of as a combat firearm and how, in my mind, it differs from a backup gun or even a deep concealment gun.

A backup gun is one you would utilize as... wait for it.. a back up if your primary firearm were to fail or be lost. It is the hail mary, the last ditch effort, the oh-my-god-shit-is-no-longer-hitting-the-fan-it-done-knocked-it-over gun. It's light, it's small, it usually has a lower capacity, poor sights as it is designed for extremely close quarters shooting.

A deep concealment gun is something you would carry because you need to make sure no one ever finds out you carry. I think of people who carry to jobs that have no weapons policies. There is nothing illegal about them carrying in their place of employment but if they were discovered it could mean immediate termination from their job. It stands to reason that these people might sacrifice some size and capacity for the ability to be 100% discreet.

When I think of what I (me, myself, and only myself) think of as a "combat handgun" (in the civilian side of things anyway) I think of the criteria I listed above: a full grip; decent, easy to acquire sights; a capacity greater than seven; a good sight radius (distance between the sights) for longer range accuracy and can easily be controlled for fast follow up shooting.

It's pretty easy to see why I would choose a full grip (better control), easy to acquire sights with a good sight radius (for shots that may require distance) and a caliber that can easily be controlled by the shooter.

But why the capacity over seven?

In all of the firearms classes I've ever been in, in all of the shooting videos I've seen and stories I've read, in all of the statistics that have been sent to me or posted, I can count on one hand the times I have heard of less than two bullets being fired per bad guy (if shots were required at all, that is). I've read multiple accounts of bad guys being shot multiple times and still fighting or only one hit for several shots fired. I've seen video after video of police officers emptying full magazines at criminals and only registering three or four hits. I've seen reports of bodies getting upwards to thirty or forty different calibers pulled out of them accompanied with statements saying it took all of those rounds to bring the individual down.

If you want more scientific data on shootings and statistics, please check out this article on handgun stopping power.

What I'm getting at here is that the a single shot being fired is rare. A one shot stop is rarer.

From what I can glean, if the presence of the gun does not stop the encounter and a trigger must be pulled it can almost be expected that it's going to be fired several times and take more than one bullet to put a stop to someone brave, drugged or stupid enough to keep advancing on said gun.

The people who train other people with firearms know this, so they inevitably teach you to keep shooting until the threat stops. Some schools will teach you to empty the magazine or to fire two rapid shots followed by an assessment and continuation of those two-shot bursts until the threat has ceased. Some teach two to the chest, one to the head. Some teach two to the chest, two to the groin, one to the head. Some don't even give you a shot limit (which I think is ideal).

Whatever the variation, the point here is that I have yet to go to a class that taught to stop shooting after one shot.

Given the safer assumption that you are going to need at least two shots per bad guy and that you may be facing more than one bad guy, that brings your total up to four shots for just two perpetrators. Add another bad guy to the mix or a missed shot or two and, whella, you have now depleted six shots and the fight may only be getting started.

Throwing in an extra round for a grand total of seven isn't a bad idea.

Now, I know plenty of people who have told me they do not feel under gunned with a five-shot revolver or even a little two-shot derringer. While I'm not big into derringers and wouldn't carry one, I have carried five-shot revolvers and agree that I have never felt lacking. It is, as they say, better than harsh words. I will probably carry limited-capacity firearms in the future as well. Some might even consider my G26 to be limited capacity now that there are firearms out there that can decretely carry 19+.

But, for me, if I want to feel like I'm maximizing my armed potential it will mean being armed with a minimum of seven cartridges to fire (with a few prayers sent up that I never have to use them).

I'd rather have them and not need them than need them and not have them (to borrow a cliche).

Now, whenever a discussion regarding capacity is brought up it usually means someone will say, "That's why I carry a reload" or "spare magazine."

True! That is a reason to carry a spare magazine but not the primary reason (magazine failures and malfunctions are the top reason to carry a spare magazine). Unfortunately, however, magazine changes in the middle of a gunfight are prime times for people to die. It has happened that police officers have been found dead with empty guns and loaded spare magazines in their hands. Is it possible to reload and keep fighting? ABSOLUTELY! However, a good rule to remember is: Gunfights are won with what is already in the gun.

Max it out!

But that's just Lima theory.

Carry a Gun and a Bandaid

I get more inspiration and help from my Facebook (FB) friends than I do from any other source. They ask questions that not only keep me thinking and learning but also prompt me to explain some of the things I do and talk about.

I recently announced that I have been in school to become an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT). It has been something I have been interested in for a long time for many reasons. I did not go into those reasons until someone on my FB page posted this:

"What is the connection between, EMT, CCW and first aid kits? Really? Enlighten me please."

Carrying a gun and emergency medical training have two really big things in common: They are both centered around the idea of being ready for the worst case scenario and saving lives.

Now some may question how firing upon someone is "centered around saving lives" but the truth of the matter is that many violent criminals do not stop being violent until they are taken down with force. It very well may be that the only way to save your own, a loved one's or even a stranger's life is to use deadly force.

I have often said that one should put at least as much effort into learning how to save a life as they put into learning how to take one.

It's my own personal belief and philosophy and here is why:

1. You're far more likely to die of a medical complication than from a violent attack.
I'm not going to go hunting for statistics here but heart disease is still the #1 killer in America and many accidents such as drowning and falls come before shootings on the CDCs list of causes of death in America. So you got that pea-shooter strapped to your belt everywhere you go, ready to save yourself or your family in the event you get jumped by some criminal. But, at your annual Christmas get-together your father starts complaining of difficulty breathing and chest pain and suddenly slumps to the floor and stops breathing. Or, while on vacation your kid falls into a pool and upon dragging him out you realize he's not breathing. What are you going to do?

You've invested time and money and training in and with your firearm to keep your family safe from the unlikely. Yet many completely ignored preparing for the likely. The fact of the matter is, medical training is going to save more lives than firearms training in the civilian sector. And if your goal is to save lives, it makes sense to get some medical training.

2. If you get into a violent encounter to where your firearm is necessary, your medical skills and equipment could be just as instrumental in saving your life as your firearm.
Let's take any number of mass shootings as an example. You are in class or in the mall and someone starts shooting. Before you can even orient to the situation you are hit. You are able to return fire and stop the threat. But there are ten other wounded individuals around. You have no medical knowledge or training or tools available to stop your own bleeding. Medics are called but it takes fifteen minutes for them to arrive and then they are instructed to wait outside of the scene until it is secured by law enforcement. It's now been twenty minutes before medics are even allowed into the scene and once they get there they still have to triage. Another two minutes are spent triaging and by the time they get to you it has now been twenty-two minutes since you were injured.

What if you couldn't get your bleeding under control in that twenty-two minutes? What do you think your chances are of still being alive once medics got to you? On the other hand, what if you carried a pressure bandage or a tourniquet? What if you knew how to make one with tools on hand? What if your spouse was hit and has a sucking chest wound? Would you know how to treat it to keep him or her alive until medics arrive and can begin treatment?

Sure, your firearm can be instrumental in keeping you from getting wounded multiple times or more severely but sometimes you can't avoid being hurt by violence and having some skills or tools in your back pocket can be just as important as the gun and ammo in your front pocket.

Supplies for about 3 good-sized blow out bags

3. Accidents happen.
Firearms accidents happen. It is true. It is the elephant in the living room that no one likes to talk about. No one likes to admit that sometimes we gun owners make mistakes and we get hurt with our own guns. Worse, sometimes we do something stupid with them that results in injury. You don't have to look far for evidence, either. Just type, "man accidentally shoots himself" into your favorite search engine.

Of course many other accidents happen as well where some basic medical knowledge would come in handy but I'm not going to list all of those and just leave it at being a little gun-centric.

Having the knowledge, skills and tools to treat a gunshot wound when you own a gun is comparable to learning how to change a tire if you drive a car. It doesn't mean it's going to happen. It doesn't mean you want it to happen, but if it does happen you are ready for it.

This doesn't mean that everyone who carries a gun needs to be an EMT, but there are some basic training you can take and tools you can incorporate into your Every Day Carry.

Training:
I am a big believer that everyone should learn CPR, basic wound management and shock treatment. The information available for these skills is not hard to find nor is it expensive or difficult. Many firearms training facilities will have combat medicine classes available. Often times combat medicine is included in some firearms classes. If it hasn't been included in any of your training the list of written resources is vast.

Do a book search for "combat medicine," "tactical medicine," "gunshot wound care," etc and you will be overwhelmed with resources.

Tools:
The term used in the gun community is "blow out bag." It's basically a first aid kit with equipment instrumental in treating more substantial traumas such as gunshot wounds.

There is no exact list of what going in a blow out bag. There are commercial blow out bags you can purchase or you can do what I've done and make your own and it can be as big or small as you want it to be. Furthermore, there are many everyday things you can use in lieu of actual medical supplies if you are caught without a blow out bag and the goodies therein.

There are many conflicting ideas of what makes a good blow out bag so I'll just throw out everything and the kitchen sink and you can decide what you would think would be useful for your own kit/bag. Everything I'm about to show you and talk about I took from my own bag that I carry with me everywhere I go, so it's not impossible to carry all of this stuff.

Nitrile (non-latex) gloves in a plastic bag

Safety:
Gloves! ~ I carry a small sandwich bag filled with two or three pairs of nitrile (non-latex) exam gloves. Granted, if I were treating myself, my husband or my children I would probably not concern myself too much with isolating myself from their body fluids as I know their medical history but if I chose to treat someone else I am not going to take the chance of getting infected with something like Hepatitis or HIV. Besides, that little plastic bag can have a secondary purpose (more on that later).


Medical:

81 mg chewable "baby" aspirin

Aspirin ~ I carry 81 mg chewable "baby" aspirin for two reasons: small aches and pains that do not involve bleeding and possible heart attacks. Because it is chewable it dissolves very quickly and therefore gets into the blood stream and starts working faster. For potential heart attacks, aspirin thins the blood and can keep clots from forming. Chewing 4 "baby" aspirin at the onset of chest pain upon suspecting a possible heart attack can be lifesaving. Always remember to tell responders about anything you took, including aspirin.

Obviously, you would not want to use this for anyone who has an aspirin allergy. Also, because aspirin is a blood thinner you would never want to give it to anyone experiencing blood loss no matter how much pain they are in. Just say "no" to giving aspirin to trauma victims.


Trauma (Mild to Moderate):
Artificial tears/sterile saline ~ One thing I use more often than anything else in my bag is my artificial tears/sterile saline. You can find boxes of individually packaged and wrapped containers or a multi-use bottle. I have the bottle for my house, the individual containers for my bag. Not only can you irrigate your eyes if need be but you can also do light irrigation of wounds and small burns.

Bandaids ~ I am a little bit of a bandaid freak. I carry many different sizes and types. Waterproof, large, small, finger, cartoon, if it's out there, I have it and I probably carry it with me, too. That and a little neosporin and I'm ready for any superficial scrap and mild cut life has to throw as me or my kids or anyone around me.

4x4 surgical sponges

Dressings and Bandages ~ When a bandaid isn't enough to stop bleeding or isn't big enough to cover the entirety of the wound it's time to step it up to dressings, gauze, tape and/or other bandages (Just so we get our terminology straight I'd like to point out that a dressing is what goes over the wound and a bandage is what holds the dressing in place). You can use any size of surgical sponges/gauze pads you want as a dressing and cut them to size but the preferred size seems to be 4x4 surgical sponges. They are big enough to be big but small enough to carry in mass quantities. They can be piled on top of each other, lined up, folded over, wrapped, whatever. You can also keep piling them on top of each other if bleeding doesn't stop.

Thin Cinch pressure bandage

If bleeding doesn't stop it's time to get a little more aggressive and the first step is pressure. Manual pressure is pressure you apply yourself or have someone apply with their hand or you can get or make your own pressure bandage. Any type of wrapping with some stretch to it can make a very decent pressure bandage. Ace bandages and self adhesive bandages commonly used in sports medicine are good options. But if you are pressed for space and time and/or treating yourself with one hand, you might want to go ahead and carry a pressure bandage that is already prefabricated such as an Israeli bandage or Thin Cinch. It has a sterile dressing already attached to some sort of elastic bandage.

Bandages can also be used to stabilize sprains and hold splints or injured joints in place. A good, all-purpose bandage is the triangular bandage. Not only can it be used as a bandage but as a sling and even a tourniquet.

Trauma (Moderate to Severe): 

CAT tourniquet

Tourniquet ~ If bleeding still hasn't stopped in a limb with the application of pressure then it's time to move up to a tourniquet. It is a myth that the application of a tourniquet automatically means the loss of the limb. The truth of the matter is that tourniquets save lives and limbs. The best thing to use as a tourniquet is an actual, no-foolin' tourniquet such as the Combat Action Tourniquet (CAT).

If a commercial tourniquet is not available, however, makeshift tourniquets can easily be fabricated provided you do it correctly. Always use something with a wide surface area such as a belt or a broadly folded cloth. The point is to tighten the tourniquet to the point it cuts off blood supply and applying that much pressure to something thin like a shoelace, wire or zip tie encompassing the limb will end up cutting the flesh and underlying tissue causing more trauma (which is bad).

Compressed, sterile gauze

Sterile Gauze ~ If the wound is on the body vs the limbs a tourniquet will not work. Use sterile gauze to pack wounds and soak up blood. The texture in gauze helps to promote clotting. You can buy it in sterile rolls that are not compressed but they take up more space. Compressed gauze is vacuum sealed and a lot can be found in a very small package. Gauze can also be used as a loose bandage on wounds where you do not want to apply pressure. Head and neck wounds are wounds that you want to wrap just tight enough for the dressing to stay in place. You don't want to put so much pressure on a neck wound that it cuts off blood supply to the brain. In head wounds, if there is bleeding there is a good chance of increased inter-cranial pressure (pressure building inside of the skull). A pressure bandage to the head can keep the blood building up inside the skull or shift bone fragments or fractures that results in putting undue pressure on the brain and causing brain damage. A non-pressure dressing and bandage can protect the wound and help stop the bleeding without increasing the pressure. 

QuikClot Combat Gauze

Antihemorrhagic agents ~ If bleeding on the body is arterial (bright red and spurting) and cannot be controlled with a tourniquet (because it cannot be applied) or dressings and pressure than it may be necessary to use an antihemorrhagic (hemostatic) agent such as QuikClot. There are other types of hemostatic agents out there and their use is controversial. They come in either sponges or gauze that is coated in chemicals that activate coagulation (clotting) and constrict blood vessels. They do a fine job of stopping major bleeding but they can induce allergic reactions in some people and can be difficult to remove when the time comes. They are reserved for moments when death from blood loss is imminent and the risk of allergic reaction or further trauma from the removal are secondary to loss of life. They are expensive and do not last long past their expiration date but are life-savers from massive uncontrollable blood loss.

Occlusive Dressings ~ Occlusive dressings are those that do not allow the passage of air or fluids through the dressing. There are four basic wounds where occlusive dressings are indicated: neck wounds, open chest wounds, an evisceration (a wound wherein the organs of the abdomen spill or are pressed out of the body) and burns.

Petrolatum Gauze

The neck has a lot of important stuff running through it. Large blood vessels that get nicked (the jugular, let's say) can suck in air like a vacuum hose. That air can travel to the heart or lungs and cause death. Yes, you have to stop the bleeding but in a way that air cannot enter the neck. Apply an occlusive dressing--plastic wrap, the baggie for your gloves (there's that secondary purpose), part of your gloves taped down, a pantie liner taped on all sides, anything that does not allow air to enter the wound.

Our lungs are kept inflated by negative pressure and are protected by our ribs. That being said, if a hole is created in the chest wall so that the negative pressure is compromised we may get what is called a pneumothorax (collapsed lung) and/or "sucking chest wound." In order to reestablish that negative pressure a three-sided occlusive dressing needs to be applied. The occlusive dressing keeps air from being sucked into the wound and collapsing the lung and the one way valve allows  the trapped air already built up in the cavity to escape. It will also allow for the escape of blood should it begin building in the area. You can use petrolatum gauze or that baggie for your gloves (baggies make great occlusive dressings). Apply it over the wound and apply tape on three of the four sides. Duct tape is a good tape to use in traumas.

Large occlusive dressing

An evisceration is a pretty nasty thing and not all that uncommon in knife attacks. The knife cuts the skin and the muscle and the guts that were held in by them spill or are pushed out. There are two very important things to remember when dealing with an evisceration: decreasing pressure on the abdomen (so you don't end up losing more guts) and protecting the organs that have spilled out. You protect those organs with an occlusive dressing--preferably a large occlusive dressing. The large pads you can buy for potty training pets work well. They are not sterile but they will keep your insides protected. If you do not have an occlusive dressing any dressing that is large enough will work but the organs that are normally nice and moist might start to get a little dry with the air flow of a non-occlusive dressing. Either way, it's very important to cover them up and keep them protected and provide a new barrier that they cannot escape from now that the skin is no longer doing that job. Never try to put the viscera back in the abdomen. Leave that for the surgeons. If at all possible have the victim lie down on his or her back with the feet flat on the floor and knees up. This will take pressure off of the abdomen and gravity can help keep stuff inside the body where it belongs. Apply the dressing and tape around all four corners too keep air and debris out and moisture and bodily fluids in.

In burns, occlusive dressings help keep the pain down and protect the burn from irritation. Plastic wrap is great for burns but depending on the size and severity whatever you have an hand will have to do.

Improvised tools ~  There are a number of things that can be used in a medical pinch. T-shirts torn into strips make great bandages. Feminine hygiene products such as pads are phenomenal at stopping blood and all of them are occlusive if applied correctly. Tampons can be used for gunshot wounds as they can be inserted into the wound tract or even unfolded and used as a dressing. Definitely throw a few of those into your blow out bag! Diapers are also fantastic improvised dressings. They have a large surface area and they can absorb a lot. They are semi-occlusive as well. Pads and diapers also have saturation points, keep them to show to responders so that they are made aware of how much blood the patient has lost.

Tension Pneumothorax Decompression Needle

Pneumothorax Decompression Needle ~  I'm only putting this in here because I carry one. According to some and depending on state law you need a prescription to even get one. A tension pneumothorax is a condition wherein a lung is compromised and air is now filling the chest cavity but there may or may not be external wound. These injuries are common in blast injuries. The air has nowhere to go as it cannot be exhaled and continues to build in the chest cavity until it puts pressure on the heart and the remaining (and presumably undamaged) lung. If the pressure is not relieved death will soon result. The signs of a tension pneumothorax can be hard to diagnose but major two are pain and difficulty breathing. Loss of lung sounds on the affected side and hyper-percussion are other signs but hard to diagnose without training and a stethoscope. A major but very late sign of a tension pneumothorax is tracheal deviation.

But herein lies the rub: Using a pneumothorax decompression needle is considered a surgical procedure and one can get in trouble for practicing medicine without a license. If things go wrong and you are sued (and even if they go right and you are sued) you will be hung out to dry. You must also know where to insert the needle so as not to puncture a blood vessel and cause more damage and bleeding and turn a pneumothorax into a hemopneumothorax. This needle is a tool I got and was almost afraid to put into my bag. I will do almost anything I can not to use it and will never use it on anyone but myself or an immediate family member.

Now, I'm no doctor. I'm not even an EMT yet (hopefully that will change in two weeks (wish me luck)). All the advise I've just given you on tools and wound management is as a lay person so take it at your own risk and do your own research. But I hope you can see how having a few of these tools and the knowledge and skills to use them could be instrumental in saving a life while waiting for medics to arrive or triage and transport.

Medical training and tools do go hand in hand with carrying and training with a firearm. If you haven't looked into medical training and tools for yourself, what are you waiting for?

TDI Defensive Knife Class Review

This review is from TDI's Defensive Knife Class held on December 4-5, 2010


I have wanted to take a knife class for years. Just like I wanted to get quality gun training when I chose to start carrying a firearm for self-defense, it was a natural progression of my training to want quality knife training when I chose to carry a knife.
   
Through a series of force-on-force (FOF) scenarios and some research and careful thought I had chosen the Tactical Defense Institute (TDI) Law Enforcement knife made by Ka-Bar as the edged companion to my firearm for every-day carry. When I brought it home and showed my husband my newest acquisition he informed me that TDI was actually a training facility in Ohio that did defensive knife classes. I immediately became interested. After all, it made sense to take a class from the people who designed the knife I chose to carry.
   
It took another two plus years before I would be in a position, financially and logistically, to take a knife class and after hearing many wonderful things about TDI I finally signed up for their two day Defensive Knife class that took place on December fourth and fifth of this year.
   
The confirmation email I received said to bring any and all knives I wanted to train with but that if I had no knife it was not an issue as TDI would have several knives available for trial and plenty of trainers to work with. Even though I didn’t need to take my TDI trainer I stuck it, my Cold Steel Ti-Lite and my Ka-Bar TDI Law Enforcement knife in my suitcase and drove to southern Ohio for my class.
   
A look at the TDI website gives you a run down of the facility with multiple ranges, classrooms, force-on-force houses and everything else a defensive student could ask for.
   
In anticipation of getting lost (as I usually do) I left my hotel an hour and a half early to make what was reported to me to be only a half-hour long trip. The directions were not hard to follow and even though I arrived to class an hour early there was already instructors there with heaters cranked setting out equipment for the class.
   
The classroom was clean and neat with comfortable chairs, clean tables, a small kitchenette, two bathrooms, a case to display TDI products for sale, a large television and (blessedly) two heaters to combat the Ohio cold that had swept in for the weekend.
   
They weren’t kidding when they said they had plenty of knives and trainers. The table at the front of the class was covered with trainer knives and live knives that could be borrowed by students.
   
As the rest of the students arrived we mingled and got to know each other and it wasn’t a surprised to find that I would be the only woman in the class. I was delighted to find out that John Benner, the designer of the TDI knife, would be an assistant instructor for the class as I was eager to meet him after our wonderful chat on the phone when I had called to sign up for the class. When our head instructor, Greg Ellifritz, arrived with plenty of time to spare we all settled in, some finished paying for their class and it was time to start.
   
There was a ratio of three instructors for twelve students (I believe), which made for a very safe environment. With any kind of class featuring weapons safety is a main concern and when you have twelve people with knives working them and trying things they’ve never tried before it’s nice to know there’s more than one set of eyes making sure everyone is being responsible and safe. Two instructors walked around the perimeter of the class checking for safety and giving tips when needed as Greg taught. Even when we sparred or did our force-on-force there was someone there to check our pockets and waistbands to ensure we didn’t forget to remove any live weapons (which I had forgotten to do after lunch on the second day and the instructor caught it (thank goodness)). That, along with the continued safety reminders, made me feel very comfortable that no one was going to end up with a knife buried in their belly or their fingers chopped off.
I think the worst wound of the weekend was a student who cut the top of his finger on the hilt of his training knife during the final force-on-force exercise. A quick rinse and a bandaid and all was well again.
   
Before I went I really wondered what was going to be taught in this class. After all, how much instruction does it take to figure out how to use a knife? All of us have been using knives to cut our food since we were small children and most can figure out which side to point toward the enemy. I didn’t doubt there was going to be fighting techniques taught that I didn’t know but the rest was a complete and eager mystery. I was not disappointed.
   
Right away, on day one, we opened with a brief introduction of the class and instructors and dove right in to the types of knives available for self-defense and how to choose the right knife for you. There was even a short lecture on how to ensure the locking mechanism on folders would stay secure so as not to collapse on your figures mid-fight. Greg had a bag of knives he brought with him that were passed around for all to see what was available and how it worked.
   
John talked about the TDI knife and how and why it was designed and it was great to hear it from the designers own mouth. I also learned that my other favorite little knife, the TDI Last Ditch Knife (LDK), was designed by the instructor, Greg Ellifritz. Right about then I was feeling really glad I chose this class.
   
Then we all moved to the training area and went right into learning different opening methods for folders. We talked about the different grips available for knives and the stance to go along with fighting with a knife. We practiced deploying our knives from various positions such as kneeling, on our backs, sides and what not. Then we had to “earn” our lunch.
   
Greg wanted to prove that deploying a knife while exhausted was different than from standing and rested so he had us all get down and do twenty pushups and from the top of the pushup position we were to deploy a knife. When we thought we were done he had us do twenty more and try again. It was then we were beginning to see a number of fumbled and failed openings.
   
After lunch we talked about the rules for close quarter drawing of weapons in general which was either creating distance in order to draw or gaining control of the attacker long enough to draw so that your defensive tool of choice could not be taken from you or the draw interfered with. We did a number of exercises to create either distance or control through sparring with partners.
   
We learned a twelve-step slash and stab drill and practiced that extensively. We did live deploying and cutting drills to demonstrate the difference in speed between fixed blades and folders. We worked with our knives in our off hands and did the knife equivalent of the Tueller drill by having to draw our knives and deploy them against an advancing attacker. We talked about anatomy and targeting areas on the body that would either cause enough physical damage to end a conflict or cause rapid blood loss which meant that, naturally, we would have to practice them on our sparring partners. Then we talked about wound enhancement by maximizing trauma with the knife. We also talked about the legalities of using a knife for self-defense.
   
After working knife defense against common grabs and attacks we were given a demonstration on just how quickly one can be rendered unconscious from a choke hold by a volunteer being choked out (a sobering exercise to be sure).
   
It was a long first day but very educational and hands on.
   
Day two started with knife care and sharpening. We were fortunate enough to have a custom knife maker in our class who gave his professional opinion on knife sharpening techniques and products. It wasn’t long before we were back out on the training floor learning drills for an unarmed person defending against a knife attack and fighting a knife attack with a knife and some more techniques to thwart off multiple attackers.

Just before lunch we went outside where they had hung up a deer carcass and we all took our turn slashing, stabbing, hacking, coring and cutting this poor deer carcass until it looked like something out of a bad horror movie. I was amazed to personally feel how easy it was to stab right through ribs as I felt them crunch and crack under the force of a TDI wielded by my little hand.

   
On the other side of the deer we dressed it in clothes and got to try for ourselves how clothing can change the results of slashes and cuts. We even got to try stabbing with other tools like tactical pens and one student went to town with a tactical flashlight that buried itself into the neck of the deer making a very wicked little wound.

   
While we ate lunch we watched a video on how easily skin cuts and the demonstration of cutting a pig carcass dressed in various clothes (wonderful meal-time entertainment!).
   
After lunch we pulled out the mats and did fighting from the ground when an attacker already has you on the ground and mounted you. We talked about secretly getting your knife out and then it was time for the force-on-force.
   
Greg got dressed up in a training suit and laid down the rules. He would attack us in any way he saw fit and the fight would not be over until he felt he was dealt a fight-stopping blow or until we fought our way to the other side of the classroom (through him, of course). Those of us not fighting would play “jury” and decide whether or not the actions of the person fighting were justifiable. This I found to be most unique and interesting as each person fighting was forced to think more about their actions in regards to the law and how they would defend them.
   
When it was my turn I was very nervous (what 100 lbs woman going up against a 220-plus lbs instructor wouldn’t be?) but I didn’t back down. He confronted me and attacked. I fought open hand until I had the chance to draw my knife. A good cut to his inner leg and I escaped to “safety.”
   
It was a relief to hear my classmates say I was entirely justified in my actions.

Greg Ellifritz and John Benner were both excellent instructors that I would be happy to work with again and again. Greg, a police instructor with thousands of hours of training in everything from knives, firearms, hand-to-hand combat and even field medicine, was knowledgeable and confident in his teaching without being cocky or overly opinionated. He was humble enough to give credit where credit was due and not pushy with his techniques. He had a likeable sense of humor but didn’t let us get too far off topic before he reeled us in again. He promised he would never try to take away anything that someone had adopted to work for them and he was true to his word even praising those who had adapted different ways to accomplish a goal. We all teased him that at times he got a manically gleeful smile while sparring that indicated he had far too much fun with his job.
   
As a woman it’s sometimes intimidating to go to a male-dominated class as sexism can be very alive and well but I felt very respected, not feared or undermined. Greg and John both listened and responded to me as an equal student to my male counterparts. While some of the other students were gentler in their sparring with me Greg gave me the training I was seeking by apply a more forceful approach that I would have to repel. John was not far off giving tips and helping to drive home certain points. I was greatly impressed with their professionalism, knowledge, clarity, organization and teaching ability.
   
I learned more than I could have previously imagined and in the best way possible—by doing the work instead of just listening to a lecture or watching a video. Aside from the techniques of slashes and stabs some of the most important lessons I took away from the class have been the cardinal rules for drawing a weapon (distance or control), the speed of drawing and readiness of the fixed-blade vs the folder and how even the simplest of clothing items can frustrate the outcome of a slash but have little effect on the outcome of a stab. I was not the only one ditching my folder knife in favor of a fixed blade and many people purchased the TDI Law Enforcement knife before the end of the first day to replace their primary carry knife. Knife placement was always driven home as often you cannot draw your knife with your dominant hand and keeping your knife in a location where both hands have access to it is very important.
   
I like to vary my training by spreading it out amongst different trainers and schools but I am fairly certain I will be going back to TDI for another class or two or ten. I would recommend to others that they do the same.